William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay - 1382 Words

Emily’s Downward Spiral: An Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† the main character of the story is Miss Emily Grierson. To analyze and examine her character, it is almost impossible not to look at the psychological aspect of it. Through the narrative of Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Miss Emily’s behavior and character is revealed as outright strange from any average standard of characters. A few days after they lay Miss Emily’s body to rest, the townspeople of Jefferson come to Grierson’s home to open one particular room upstairs, which has not been seen or entered into for the past several years. Miss Emily has kept this room closed from others for at least 40 years. When the door†¦show more content†¦As a result, Miss Emily remains unmarried. This situation perhaps helps readers understand how Miss Emily is trying to cope of all the burden and pressures of great expectations that others have of her. While most individuals can handle this kind of stress, Miss Emily unfortunately is unable to develop healthy, adaptive coping mechanisms. Another glimpse of her character is when the sheriff office attempts to collect taxes, Emily tells them â€Å"see Colonel Sartoris† (33), who had been dead almost ten years. â€Å"I have no taxes in Jefferson† reasserts Emily (33). Despite many attempts to collect taxes, Emily simply continues to ref use to cooperate with the town authorities. This observation of Miss Emilys behavior is telling us how irrational and inappropriate she is when she interacts with other people. Another episode of her erratic behavior occurs when Judge Stevens, the new town mayor, receives several complaints from the neighbors that a powerful, terrible odor is originating from Emily’s property and ordered by the neighbors to â€Å"send her word to have her place cleaned up† (33). This is another hint that Emily is becoming separated from her community and is totally unable to relate to other people in an appropriate matter. In the beginning, the townspeople â€Å"did not say she was crazy then.† (34). They sympathize with Miss Emily just after she loses her father, and just after the man whom the townsfolk believed she would marry deserts her. â€Å"PoorShow MoreRelatedWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily1600 Words   |  7 Pages William Faulkners A Rose for Emily  is set in the small southern town of Jefferson during the early decades of the twentieth century . At this time, vast and cardinal changes were being made by the upcoming new south to conceal and move from the horrid truths that were a part of the towns history. In lieu of this, Jefferson was at a turning point in which they were having difficulty coming to terms with these changes . Integrating Faulkners use of character and symbols with other sourcesRead MoreEssay on William Faulkners A Rose for Emily1539 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily As any reader can see, A Rose for Emily is one of the most authentic short stories by Faulkner. His use of characterization, narration, foreshadowing, and symbolism are four key factors to why Faulkners work is idealistic to all readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The works of William Faulkner have had positive effects on readers throughout his career. Local legends and gossip trigger the main focus of his stories. Considering that Faulkner grew up in Mississippi, he wasRead MoreWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily: An Analysis807 Words   |  3 PagesConsider Faulkners own words as you think about A Rose for Emily. In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Faulkner said,  ¦the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat. How is A Rose for Miss Emily a story about the human heart in conflict with itself? In William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, the protagonist Miss Emily GriersonRead MoreAn Analysis of William Faulkner’s â€Å"a Rose for Emily†1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Devastating Outcome of Oppression: An Analysis of William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† When a person has only been taught dysfunctional love, it is all too often that this is the only kind of love they will ever experience. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner explores an unorthodox relationship between an aristocratic southern lady named Miss Emily Grierson, and a blue-collar northern fellow named Homer Barron. The narrator, who likely represents the townspeople, describesRead More William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay729 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner is set in a small Southern town during the post-Civil War era. The story revolves around the strange and tragic events of Miss Emily Grierson’s life. At first glance, Emily seems like a lonely woman with little self-confidence and low self-esteem that seems to stem from her upbringing by her father. There seemed to be some kind of abuse by her father and the fact that she had seemed to have lived such a sheltered lifeRead MoreThe Reconstruction In William Faulkners A Rose For Emily1243 Words   |  5 PagesAfter an extended period of the Civil War and the Reconstruction, William Faulkner published his short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in 1930. In his fictional Jefferson, Mississippi (the county seat of Yoknapatawpha), Faulkner tells a story about Emily, an unhappy woman. The story begins at Emily’s funeral, and all the villagers in the town come to see the inside of the abandoned building (nobody has entered the house for at least ten years). The story flashes back decades before the funeral, Emily’sRead MoreDiagnosing Miss Emily in William Faulkners A Rose For Emily 918 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Faulkners A Rose For Emily there is more than enough evidence to determine that Miss Emily is mentally ill. Most of the clues and hints are subtle, but when they are all pieced together the puzzle becomes clear. Not saying it is clear as too what Miss Emily was suffering from, the only way to know that for certain would be if the author or narrator told us in the text. We can conclude, however, she was suffering from some form of mental illness. Miss Emily was seen as a recluse and oddRead More The Importance of Plot in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily1431 Words   |  6 Pages The Importance of Plot in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily In â€Å"A Rose For Emily†, by William Faulkner, plot plays an important role in how the story is played out. Faulkner does not use chronological order in this short story. Instead, he uses an order that has many twists and turns. It appears to have no relevance while being read, but in turn, plays an important role in how the story is interpreted by the reader. Why does Faulkner present the plot of this story in this manner? HowRead MoreAnalysis of William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner uses symbolism, imagery, simile and tone. Faulkner uses these elements to lead his characters to an epiphany of letting go of out-dated traditions and customs. The resistance to change and loneliness are prominent themes within â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. Faulkner uses â€Å"A Rose for Emily† to caution his readers that things are not always what they appear to be. The tone of â€Å"A Rose for Miss Emily† couldRead More The Role of the Watch in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily1199 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of the Watch in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Even the casual reader of William Faulkner will recognize the element of time as a crucial one in much of the writers work, and the critical attention given to the subject of time in Faulkner most certainly fills many pages of criticism. A goodly number of those pages of criticism deal with the well-known short story, A Rose for Emily. Several scholars, most notably Paul McGlynn, have worked to untangle the confusing chronology

Om and M - 2457 Words

Compare and contrast the extent to which both novels comment and criticise on the societies which they are set in. We are introduced to both novels in the 1920s elite society where both authors; Waugh and Fitzgerald are from an upper class society. Fitzgerald cultivates the character Jay Gatsby who we perceive purely from Nick who is an onlooker throughout the novella. Readers interpret Gatsby’s social structure as a triangle and we learn to commiserate him whereas Waugh invents the character Paul Pennyfeather who is a naà ¯ve, passive character and is in the structure of a circle. The one factor that is apparent throughout the novels is that society determines their social structure. YOUR INTRODUCTION HAS TO BASICALLY ANSWER THE†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœFactual imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy’ Gatsby’s house is evidence to the upper class fetishes to grand belongings in order to show their wealth. A Marxist critic might view this as those who are on the top of the social ladder cease to see those at the bottom and become blinded by wealth. Fitzgerald is criticising society in the sense that the elite are solely dependant on their money despite them being miserable and this could refer to the saying ‘money doesn’t by happiness’ which is very true to such cases as Gatsby’s. Nicks statement is ironic since Gatsby’s name is actually Jimmy and this image which is crafted by the author is supposedly ‘perfect’ throughout the novel yet it slowly deteriorates much like the people in society who if are closely analysed, their flaws become much more observant and this is because they have their status to shadow their imperfection unlike those of working class. ‘I was responsible, no one else was interested’ a Marxist may interpret this as Gatsby is not truly privileged so he does not succeed in getting to the top and this is why his social structure is a triangle since no matter how much he alters himself, he was not born to that society. Fitzgerald could be criticising society as people do not question the structure of society and rise against it,Show MoreRelatedHome And Hospice Inc.888 Words   |  4 Pagesworkstations and printers will be divided up as follows, all four Counselor Managers offices’ will be assigned a workstation and connect wirelessly to the All-in-One Printer located in the Bullpen/Charting room. The Head of Office (Admin), Office Manager (OM), Director of Professional Service (DPS), Practitioner Clinical Coordinator (PCC), Main Distribution Frame (MDF) will all be assigned a workstation in their respective office and connect directly via the Print Server switch to all three All-in-One PrintersRead MoreA Fine Balance - Rohinton Mistry1158 Words   |  5 Pagesdescriptive language to make even simple things brilliant. The story takes place in an unnamed City by the Sea somewhere in India, exploring the lives of four very different people. Mistry creates characters that come from a very different world than I m used to, making the story all the more interesting for me. Mistry included many cultural references in the story that I looked up so that I knew a little more about the basis of the story. Before I had read this novel I had no knowledge of the StateRead MoreOn the Interface between Operations and Human Resources Management16889 Words   |  68 PagesSchool of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 Johnson School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 jwb6@cornell.edu †¢ hopp@northwestern.edu †¢ jom1@cornell.edu †¢ ljt3@cornell.edu O perations management (OM) and human resources management (HRM) historically have been very separate ï ¬ elds. In practice, operations managers and human resource managers interact primarily on administrative issues regarding payroll and other matters. In academia, the two subjectsRead More FM Receivers Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesmodulation (AM) where the message or modulating signal, call it m(t), is used to modulate the amplitude of the carrier signal, frequency modulation, as the name implies, uses m(t) to transform the frequency of the carrier. The amplitude of an FM signal should remain constant during the modulating process; an important property of FM. A general FM signal can be described by the following:1  ¦Ã‚ µFM(t) = Acos( ¦ÃƒË†(t)) = Acos(wct + ¦ÃƒË†c(t)) where  ¦ÃƒË†c(t)= kf  ¡Ãƒâ€™m( ¦Ãƒâ€œ)d ¦Ãƒâ€œ kf = deviation sensitivity wc = carrier frequencyRead MoreShould Nato Kill Human Shields1541 Words   |  7 Pagesher brother since the beginning of what she refers to as the revolution. When the film maker asked her what she had to say to the world she said â€Å"nothing. They all left us here alone with nothing†¦.may they be happy and blessed with what they have.† (OM, 2014) Watching this video of the little girl brings the reality of war home. In response to the video veteran Tom Richardson described the cyclical reality of war on innocent children: â€Å"To the younger people: Sadly, this has been happening for yearsRead MoreBuddhism and Siddhartha1327 Words   |  6 Pagesmoment is the last discussion between Siddhartha and Govinda. For Siddhartha, finding perfect fulfillment on earth requires understanding, and a true understanding can be reached only through experience. The enlightenment is the moment of understanding Om and gaining unity with it. This cannot be learned or expressed through words; Siddhartha’s’ goal is not to achieve wisdom. He could learn wisdom if he choose to stay with his father or become disciple of Buddha. Wisdom has many interpretations, whichRead MoreWeekly Schedule1363 Words   |  6 PagesPROGRAMME CLASS OF 2016, SECTION B Semester II Weekly Class Schedule FOR THE WEEK OF MARCH 30 TO April 03, 2015 Auditorium 104 DG Class 1 DG Class 2 DG Class 3 0830-0900 0905-1035 1105-1135 1140-1310 1435-1505 1510-1640 IE 1 ME 15 OM 16 MACS 15 * FMG 15 * FMG 16 BII 1 OM 17 BII 2 30-Mar Mon 31-Mar Tue 1-Apr Wed 2-Apr Thu 3-Apr Fri 4-Apr Sat ME 16 MACS 16 IE 2 * FMG-17 Joint 1. The soft copy of the weekly schedule is available on the main page of the LUMS website www.lums.edu.pk - InformationRead MoreProfesia de Medic1462 Words   |  6 Pagesrandurile care urmeaza. Jur pe Apollo medicul, pe Esculap, pe Higea si Panacea si pe toti zeii si zeitele, pe care ii iau ca martori, ca voi indeplini acest juramant si poruncile lui, pe cat ma ajuta fortele si ratiunea: sa respect pe cel care m-a invatat aceasta arta la fel ca pe propriii mei parinti, sa impart cu el cele ce-mi apartin si sa am grija de el la nevoie; sa-i consider pe descendentii lui ca frati si sa-i invat aceasta arta, daca ei o doresc, fara obligatii si fara a fi platit.Read MoreSuryanamaskar3263 Words   |  14 Pagessecond part is the chanting of a ‘bija mantra’, the third part is a part of a Rik from the Rig Veda and the fourth part is the addressing of one of the 12 names of Sun. There are six bija mantras. Each mantra consists of ‘h’, ‘r’, vowel and ends in ‘m’. The bija mantras are: ‘hraam’, ‘hreem’, ‘hruum’, ‘hraim’, ‘hroum’ and ‘hraha’ (where th e vowels are ‘aa’, ‘ee’, ‘uu’, ‘ai’, ‘ou’ and ‘visarga or hah’. The twelve names of Sun are: Mitra, Ravi, Surya, Bhanu, Khaga, Pushan, Hiranyagarbha, Marichi, AdityaRead MoreHow Dietary Tracking Is Important For People With Diet Related Health Issues1899 Words   |  8 Pagestrack and input its nutritional value. With the Om Nom NoMonitor food profiling technology, the user will no longer have to worry about unlabeled foods. The Om Nom NoMonitor has software that can analyze a picture taken directly from a mobile phone using technology similar to facial recognition, and then display statistics and log it into a digital food journal (University of Salzburg, 2016). This product would be the best solution for this issue. The Om Nom NoMonitor would be represented most accurately

Contract to Exchange Equitable Interests †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contract to Exchange Equitable Interests. Answer: Introduction: According to the case facts, the issue has found whether Sleazy can take any legal action for recovers her money or not? Conveyancing is a form of business where the title of real property has transferred to one person to another where it guarantees to grant the encumbrance for a mortgage or lien. Two or more than two parties form a contract to exchange the equitable interests for settlement the title rights of the property. The sale of the land is governed according to the jurisdiction of the location of that property. It is a contract for sale agreement for changing the rights of title of any property. According to the contract, it must meet with the elements, which includes the essential elements of a contract like free consent, consideration, competency of the parties, certainty and lawful objects. The basic elements of the sale of goods contract are: The two or more than two parties, the sale of the actual goods or any property Transfer of the ownership and exchange of price of the goods. Therefore, it is necessary to satisfy all the terms of the sale of any goods or property. When an agreement has formed for selling any property or take loans then it must processed with appropriate rules and regulation. A contract for sale must formed between the parties where the vendor will make the offer for the purchase and purchaser can negotiate the terms with the vendors. The paying amount of the property will decided according to the value of the property. The decided amount may negotiate according to the terms of the contract. The property, which is sold through any auction then the amount of the property will, decided according to the highest bid in the auction. In this part, the vendor and purchaser both can negotiate the price. The exchange of contract depends according to the nature of the formed contract. The cooling off period is another part where the purchaser has the period where the contract can be rescind by the purchaser. For the sale of auction, the cooling off periods never applies. In the case of Westpac Banking Corporation vs. Cronin (1990)[1], the plaintiff found to apply for a Certificate of Title for his property. However, later he claimed that the certificate was delivered as security for amounts due to the bank in respect of the companies. In another case, Gurfinkel vs. Bentley Pty Ltd (1996)[2] through an action the defendant has found to bankrupt and the plaintiff was the trustee in bankruptcy of the estate. For the transfer of the property title the purchaser must transfer the property documents with the signs of both the purchaser and vendor. Through the conveyancer the registration of any property swill processed after the settlement of between the purchaser and vendor. In the time for completion, the contract can be completed after the development of new titles has issued. According to the fact, Cool has handover the Certificate of Title of his property to his accountant Happy and asked for arrange a loan. In a letter Happy inform to Cool that she has enclose a cheque for $25,000 for his business startup and her client Sleazy has provided the fund. She also mentioned about to hold that the certificate of title in the office. However after Cool has received the cheque, he did not repayment the amount to Sleazy. Now according to the facts of the case, Cool is bound to repayment of the debt amount to Sleazy. According to the property, law the certificate of title only applicable for the owner who holds the possession of the property. Therefore, in this case Cool has taken a loan amount, which must transfer to the dept payer. However, according to the agreement, Cool has right to use the Cooling period where he will get chance to negotiate the amount and pay the debt. Sleazy has transferred the loan amount to Cool in the exchange of title of the property b ut it not transfer the ownership of the property to Sleazy. The loan has been transferred in exchange of the Certificate of Title which defines Cool is the actual owner of the property and he holds the rights to use the Certificate of Title. In this matter, Sleazy can take legal action against Cool for not payments of debt amount. He can send legal notice to Cool for repayment of the debt amount but he has no rights to sell the property until and unless the ownership of the property has transferred to Sleazy. According to the terms of the property law, the ownership of the property only exchanged if the actual owner transfer the rights o another person. Here, according to the fact of case the cooling-off period will help Cool to repayment of the debt amount. According to the fact of the case, it has concluded that Sleazy has no right to sell the property of Cool until and unless the rights of the property have transfer. According to the duty of the Conveyancer, they are requiring to act according to their professional conduct towards their client to provide advises. According to the fact, the client want to purchase a small business called Coffee Connection where he will sell plants and equipment, stock in hand and goodwill. For starting a business, it is necessary to set up for business strategies where the structure of the business helps to get a proper transaction. First, it is necessary to buy a property for start a valid business where the agreement will for, between the purchaser and vendor. The startup business must follow according to the code of conducts where the business will be profitable for the owner. According to the law of Australia, it is necessary to follow the Corporation Act 2001(Cth) for starting a business. According to the resilient economy and well-developed infrastructure, Australia is one of the best country which always offer for the best opportunities in for successfully running a business. A proprietor and private company are bound to follow the Corporation act where it helps to provide the rights on shares and liabilities of the member of the company. The dealing with the liabilities of the company and their invitation to offer helps to presents issue of shares, which are the common rights of the shareholders in a company. The directors of the company also hold the rights to towards the company and issuing the bonus for the shareholders according to the investment for the company. According to the regulation of Australia, a company is bound to fol low the regulation of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) fir running the business operators. For the private company it must regulates the corporate body according to the state and territory in Australia. As the incorporated company is a proprietary company then it must follow the regulation of the Corporation Act 2001. Under the terms of the corporation act, a company must co-operate with the issue of bonus shares. When a company formed, it becomes a corporation, which sets a completely separate legal entity under some specific legislation. The Corporation act helps to incorporate with the company, the body of the corporate and certain unincorporated bodies, which are completely exempted from public authorities. A company may corporate with partnership business where according to the Partnership Act 1892(NSW). Under this act, a company can corporate with more than two partners. There are no limits to enter partners under this act for the formation of a company with the terms of the partnership. As per the facts of the case, those w formed company has no partners. It operated with sole proprietor. For the formation of a company, the trusts can able to carry the bushiness. Therefore, the owner of the business can have a trust that will help to operate the business along with the directors of the company. The trusty is the body of the corporation who helps holds the legal title of the business and carries the trading activities with the assets of the corporation on behalf of the beneficiaries. The trusty can operate the business individually or through a corporation with the pursuit of lawful aim. According to the Corporation Act, a company must register the business for corporate in Australia. Fir setting the limited liability company, it must follow the regulation of the ASIC. They must operate the business with a registered office in Australia. After the registration of the business office, it must consist with a business name and conduct with IP mark of Trade Mark check. For the business check it must consists with a nine digit Australian Company Number (ACN) where the company will quoted the publication, cheques, invoices and other related official documents in the company. Along with the CAN number, another Australian Registered Business Number (ARBN) also included after they are registered with ASIC. For operating with the tax system, the Australian Government has also set the Australian Business Number (ABN), which consists of eleven numbers for maintained under the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). The Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) offers for the marketing trading in equities, fixed interest securities, derivatives and future interest securities in the business, which is one of the important part in the business. The principal law relating to employment is the Fair Work Act 2009 (FW Act). The FW Act covers all private sector employees in Australia, with a limited exception in Western Australia. According to the case study, Dr Bones has a Lease Agreement with the lessor in his recent living address a cluster of 7 retail shops in close proximity to Royal North Shore Hospital. However he receives the urgent notice from the lessor about vacate the premises as the lease expires on 31st November 2013. Dr Bones has remembered that the lease commenced on 1st December 2011 and that has made for 3 years with a 1-year option negotiated verbally with the lessor. Now Dr. Bones has recently entered into a negotiation with Dr. Bendit to to sublet part of his rooms and hope that this can proceed so that he can supplement his rent repayment. The terms of lease Lease is a contractual agreement, which formed between two parties and the laser for using any properties like building or vehicles or land. Under various conditions, a lessor has taken by the lessee. The important terms of lease are: the lease agreement must include the name of the parties the date of the starting of the lease and duration of the date when the lease will be over address and other relevant specific objects must be mentioned in the agreement the agreement must provide the condition for renewal or non-renewal of the agreement the amount of lease which will be provided to lessor by the lessee also mentioned in the agreement the agreement must has a specific consideration for the security deposit and the process to return the amount the specific list where the default condition and specific remedies is available for the parties The other specific conditions like restrictive use maintenance insurance for loss of the property should mention in the agreement for the termination of the contract clauses also specific in the lease agreement. For The lease all kind of private property or land any apartment can given as lease by the owner and he grant to use the property for a certain periods. The term of the lease is depends according to the features of grant the lease agreement for the property. It only applicable for a certain of time with legally binding contract. According to the Retail Leases Act, it governs Retail Shop Leases and agreements for lease. It applies to basic leases and subleases and the Act makes no distinction between leases and licenses as there is no requirement for a right of exclusive occupation. Under the Section 3 of this act when the lease agreement formed between the lessor and lessee it provides the value of rights for the occupation of the premises for the purpose the shop will be used. The section 6 of this act provides the rights to enter into a retail shop lease. The section 7 has defines the preliminary issues for the lease agreement. The Zaoud vs Musico Anor [2000][3] it has found that the lessors wrongful withholding of consent to assignment of retail shop lease according to the Retail Leases Act 1994 (NSW). In another case Goodlink vs. Sing Ors [1999][4], a lease negotiation has occurred through the application of Retail Leases Act (NSW). The effect of oral lease has found under retail leases legislation in a significant case, which is Aspromonte vs. Zagari [1999][5]. The section 42 of the Retail Leases Act defines the sub lease in the section 42 where this provision allows the lessor to provide sub lease the lessee. As the matter in the negotiation, the act never governs with the fact where lessee has any right to sublet or not. For the absence of the absolute or qualified prohibition on subletting, it provides the premises should be sub let. Any proposed right to sublet should sort out at the time of the negotiations. If there is no prohibition then sub-letting is permissible. Therefore, according to the case facts, Dr. Bones has right to entered into negotiations with Dr. Bendit, a chiropractor, to sublet part of his rooms. Reference Aspromonte vs. Zagari [1999] NSW SA 381 Goodlink vs. Sing Ors [1999] NSW ADT 71 Gurfinkel vs. Bentley Pty Ltd (1996) 116 CLR 98 Westpac Banking Corporation vs. Cronin (1990) 6 BPR 13, 105 Zaoud vs Musico Anor [2000] NSW ADT 107

Simple Procedures To Pen Down A Good Essay

The article will provide simple procedures you will be needing to write a good essay. It will highlight three phases of writing an essay, whilst, will cover basic guidelines of writing a good piece of writing. Majority individuals can hardly jot down a sentence, when they are asked to compose an essay. Interestingly, I was among such people, until I learned some effective routes that can help you plan and pen down a good piece of work, an essay. To be very honest, it just needs two things, a positive attitude and planning! Indeed, writing an essay can be a boring task, unless you have some ideas regarding the topic. Thus, proper research is very important; in order to gain as much as knowledge regarding the topic you are asked to write an essay on. More specifically, essay writing tends to has three phases, number one, pre writing, two, writing and three, post-writing. All of such are extremely important and thus, requires critical attention since the essay’s quality is determined by them. Some major activities which are involved in such phases are: Phase of pre-writing: Well, in the particular phase, the writer will either decide or receive the topic he or she will be writing on. In case of deciding the topic by yourself, the situation can be very challenging as an interesting topic can help grab attention of the target audience, as compared to a boring and dull topic. Moreover, how interesting it is rely on how current/relevant/important the topic is to your audience. In this phase, more and more research is required to know the utmost, regarding the topic. The phase has great significance, since; this is the time when the writer can narrow down the content into precise points which will interest the audience. Phase of writing: Indeed, it is the crucial phase where the writer has an opportunity to pen down his or her thoughts on the topic. In order to write a good essay, have a look to the basic guide: First part is the introduction. It is basically a critical part of your essay that has to be separated into 3 parts. Think of a statement that is attention-arousing for the first part, which is the grabber! The statement should be captivating for the readers. It can be a fascinating fact or an attractive quote related to the topic you are writing on. Then come to the second part, where the introduction must justify your grabber in an unbiased way. Coming on to the third part is outlining the thesis that is the statement on which the writer will argue on. In second part, the thesis highlighted in the introduction should be discussed. The specific part will deal with how, who, where, when and what pertaining to your thesis. The third part is conclusion, where you will sum up the arguments mentioning the position on the thesis. Phase of post writing: It involves proofreading your essay. Clearly, proofreading is very important as it eliminates the chances of contextual and grammatical errors that may have occurred when writing. At this phase, you have a chance to review the essay to comply with the provided specifications and guidelines being handled. On a whole, writing an essay is not a difficult task as we have assumed. With proper guidelines and research on the topic, one can create a best piece of work!

Automobile Essay Example

Automobile Essay Example Automobile Essay Automobile Essay The automobile affected the growth of the American economy more than any other invention in the 1920s because it lead to mass production of goods, started the idea of a travel, and it started the highway. This invention completely changed the way that the economy in America has evolved since the 1920s. Itâ„ ¢s started a whole new way of life from a country that rode around on horses for many years. Economic ideas spread quicker than ever. The automobile helped goods get seen in the whole world and they helped to transport them. When the automobile came out it was the beginning of the economy we see today in America, a capitalist economy. The Assembly Line In 1910 the need for cars was steadily increasing, but the price of an automobile was around $ 4200. (Concept Carz) This made it very hard for the average American to purchase a car for their family. A world renowned invention was soon to be invented. As the need for cars was increasing, manufacturers were taking notice in that, but it was impossible to charge less with the few amounts of cars that they could make in one day. Henry Ford, then a president of a small company, heard much about a new way to produce cars. It became clear that the new technology had to be introduced into his factory immediately to increase profits. From 1913-1914, the first movable assembly line was built in Henry Fordâ„ ¢s factory in Highland Park, Michigan. I believe that this was the first moving line ever installed. The idea came in a general way from the overhead trolley that the Chicago packers use in dressing beef. (Ford Motor Company) Those are the words of Walter Flanders, the man who hel ped design the assembly line for Ford. The assembly was an invention for the people. It produced cars in shortly over an hour from 12 hours before. It allowed Ford to lower prices of cars from around $ 4,000 to about $ 500. The idea of an assembly line migrated quickly to other companies. Soon, many companies were mass producing their goods to the mass market. The assembly line had a huge positive impact on the consumer economy. People were able to afford things they werenâ„ ¢t able to buy before. The assembly line you could say is the reason Americans have things we donâ„ ¢t need. We are able to afford things because theyâ„ ¢re mass produced so the prices can be lowered. The assembly line was probably the biggest factor of improving the economy and it started with the automobile. If it wasnâ„ ¢t for the automobile mass production would cease to exist for probably another 10-20 years. Travel Before the automobile, many Americans had never traveled more than 50 miles from their house. That was about to change. With automobiles being mass produced, more people had them and, people started drift away from their hometowns. People wanted to get away. So they started to travel. With traveling comes the need to stay in places overnight and make attractions that draw crowds from different parts of the country. In 1927 in Minnesota, the government there noticed the new amount of tourists that they attracted due to cars. They decided to make the week of May 1st 10,000 lakes week. The goal was to get ten thousand visitors that week. That summer about 1,800,000 tourists spent over 70 million dollars in Minnesota because they could drive there. Arthur Roberts of the Ten Thousand Lakes Association said, Tourists are good business stimulators. Most of them are good buyers and they have cash (Lorentzen). As you can see just because of the automobile the economy in Minnesota exploded up wards. That was just the beginning of the tourist boom in the country. People started to travel a lot more and hotels and motels started to arise. People were going to the beach; they were doing road trips, and many other things. The automobile also helped spread ideas across the country very quickly. When someone would travel somewhere they would go back home and let their friends and family know and that would then bring more people to that area. That increased the number of sales that area made.

Biography of Gabriel Garcia Moreno - Gabriel Garcia Moreno Profile

Biography of Gabriel Garcia Moreno - Gabriel Garcia Moreno Profile Gabriel Garcia Moreno, President of Ecuador 1860-1865, 1869-1875: Gabriel Garcà ­a Moreno (1821-1875) was an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician who served as President of Ecuador from 1860 to 1865 and again from 1869 to 1875. In between, he ruled through puppet administrations. He was a staunch conservative and Catholic who believed that Ecuador would only prosper when it had strong and direct ties to the Vatican. He was assassinated in Quito during his second term. Early Life of Gabriel Garcia Moreno: Garcà ­a was born in Guayaquil but moved to Quito at a young age, studying law and theology at Quito’s Central University. By the 1840’s he was making a name for himself as an intelligent, eloquent conservative who railed against the liberalism that was sweeping South America. He almost entered the priesthood, but was talked out of it by his friends. He took a trip to Europe in the late 1840’s, which served to further convince him that Ecuador needed to resist all liberal ideas in order to prosper. He returned to Ecuador in 1850 and attacked the ruling liberals with more invective than ever. Early Political Career: By then, he was a well known speaker and writer for the conservative cause. He was exiled to Europe, but returned and was elected Mayor of Quito and appointed Rector of the Central University. He also served in the senate, where he became the leading conservative in the nation. In 1860, with the help of Independence veteran Juan Josà © Flores, Garcà ­a Moreno seized the presidency. This was ironic, as he had been a supporter of Flores’ political enemy Vicente Rocafuerte. Garcà ­a Moreno quickly pushed through a new constitution in 1861 which legitimized his rule and allowed him to start working on his pro-Catholic agenda. Garcà ­a Moreno’s Unflagging Catholicism: Garcà ­a Moreno believed that only by establishing very close ties to the church and the Vatican would Ecuador progress. Since the collapse of the Spanish colonial system, liberal politicians in Ecuador and elsewhere in South America had severely curtailed church power, taking away land and buildings, making the state responsible for education and in some cases evicting priests. Garcà ­a Moreno set out to reverse all of it: he invited Jesuits to Ecuador, put the church in charge of all education and restored ecclesiastical courts. Naturally, the 1861 constitution declared Roman Catholicism the official state religion. A Step Too Far: Had Garcà ­a Moreno stopped with a few reforms, his legacy may have been different. His religious fervor knew no bounds, however, and he did not stop there. His goal was a near-theocratic state ruled indirectly by the Vatican. He declared that only Roman Catholics were full citizens: everyone else had their rights stripped away. In 1873, he had the congress dedicate the Republic of Ecuador to â€Å"The Sacred Heart of Jesus.† He convinced Congress to send state money to the Vatican. He felt that there was a direct link between civilization and Catholicism and intended to enforce that link in his home nation. Gabriel Garcia Moreno, Dictator of Ecuador: Garcà ­a Moreno was certainly a dictator, although one whose type had been unknown in Latin America before. He severely limited free speech and the press and wrote his constitutions to suit his agenda (and he ignored their restrictions when he wished). Congress was there only to approve his edicts. His staunchest critics left the country. Still, he was atypical in that he felt that he was acting for the best of his people and taking his cues from a higher power. His personal life was austere and he was a great foe of corruption. Accomplishments of President Morenos Administration: Garcà ­a Moreno’s many accomplishments are often overshadowed by his religious fervor. He stabilized the economy by establishing an efficient treasury, introducing a new currency and improving Ecuador’s international credit. Foreign investment was encouraged. He provided good, low cost education by bringing in Jesuits. He modernized agriculture and built roads, including a decent wagon track from Quito to Guayaquil. He also added universities and increased student enrollment in higher education. Foreign Affairs: Garcà ­a Moreno was famous for meddling in the affairs of neighboring nations, with the goal of bringing them back to the church just as he had done with Ecuador. He twice went to war with neighboring Colombia, where President Toms Cipriano de Mosquera had been curtailing church privileges. Both interventions ended in failure. He was outspoken in his support of Austrian transplant Emperor Maximilian of Mexico. Death and Legacy of Gabriel Garcà ­a Moreno: In spite of his accomplishments, the liberals (most of them in exile) loathed Garcà ­a Moreno with a passion. From safety in Colombia, his harshest critic, Juan Montalvo, wrote his famous tract â€Å"The Perpetual Dictatorship† attacking Garcà ­a Moreno. When Garcà ­a Moreno declared that he would not relinquish his office after his term expired in 1875, he began to get serious death threats. Among his enemies were the Freemasons, dedicated to ending any connection between church and state. On August 6, 1875, he was killed by a small group of assassins wielding knives, machetes and revolvers. He died near the Presidential Palace in Quito: a marker can still be seen there. Upon learning the news, Pope Pius IX ordered a mass said in his memory. Garcà ­a Moreno did not have an heir who could match his intelligence, skill and fervent conservative beliefs, and the government of Ecuador fell apart for a while as a series of short-lived dictators took charge. The people of Ecuador didn’t really want to live in a religious theocracy and in the chaotic years that followed Garcà ­a Morenos death all of his favors to the church were taken away once again. When liberal firebrand Eloy Alfaro took office in 1895, he made sure to remove any and all vestiges of Garcà ­a Moreno’s administration. Modern Ecuadorians consider Garcà ­a Moreno a fascinating and important historical figure. The religious man who accepted assassination as martyrdom today continues to be a popular topic for biographers and novelists: the latest literary work on his life is Sà © que vienen a matarme (â€Å"I know they are coming to kill me†) a work that is half-biography and half-fiction written by acclaimed Ecuadorian writer Alicia Yaà ±ez Cossio. Source: Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.

Find a research based article in a business journalsand appraise the Essay

Find a research based article in a business journalsand appraise the methodology employed and the - Essay Example Primarily analyzing the business information through a set of processes can be termed as market research. It involves the use of technology for obtaining the desired information from these processes. Basic purpose of acquiring information by any organization is to assess the business environment, carry out marketing research, make sales forecasting and conduct competitor analysis. Various technologies and methodologies are used for collecting and saving the information in easily accessible format. This data is frequently used for making correct and timely decisions for enhancing the profitability. (â€Å"Business Planning,† 2005). The article under review is â€Å"Managing the development of technology-based courses success factors from eight government training courses† written by Rowley, Kurt published in Acquisition Review Quarterly; January 2003. In this article primary research techniques are employed to â€Å"determine success factors identified in traditional higher education distance learning research literature were important to technology-based course development† (Kurt, 2003) The researcher started the article by giving brief background of the subject and then reviewed the literature with accredited and authentic citations. Primary research methods of data collection were used by adopting qualitative methodology. Various formats of guided interviews were designed for primary data collection. The interview were designed in such way so that exploration process may become easier, the interview question were prepared in the light of literature review and objectives of the research.. The interviews were conducted directly for gathering more reliable data. The interview methodology was properly ratified by involving two researchers at initial stage afterwards one researcher conducted interviews. (Kurt, 2003) After collecting primary data and reviewing literature the data was analyzed systematically in the light of prior knowledge

School Playgrounds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

School Playgrounds - Essay Example The more dynamic modern play has more emphasis on adaptations and innovations. While encouraging inter-ethnic friendship and a vibrant oral culture, break time gives children the chance to explore the boundaries of their gendered experience within a safe conservative environment. Children ought to have the right to play and to choose what they play, which gives them a chance to put their dreams into action. The loss of play for fun has resulted to disillusionment and depression. The absence of challenge in the 'remodeled' playgrounds limits creativity, explorations, practice and fosters the development of attitudes that imply shying off from the face of challenges and taking risks. "It is through play that children explore their environment encountering numerous challenges to personal competence that involve decisions for risk-taking behavior" as argued by Jambor (1986). This freedom denial has not only resulted to the absence of fun but also risks the social health of the children. Break time is important for academic achievement, a more healthy development and maturity of peer relations and for general school adjustment. The reasons for limiting play and the increased adult supervision are inclined on affording more time for academic excellence, fears of developing negative peer relations and aggression by providing the children chances to exhibit antisocial behavior. (Pellegrini and Blatchford: 2002) The exposure to physical dangers while children play under trees, in tackling games, playing within school buildings, jumping off playground equipment or playing in wet areas must be controlled and guided. Conflicts and petty squabbles can arise, teasing and name calling, taunting and bullying and even violent incidents such as the murder of a British Asian boy in a Manchester Secondary School playground showing that violence, possibly racially motivated could erupt in playgrounds. Concerns also arise with students' behavior that could arise over the break and spill over into the school. (Blatchford: 1989) Break time has a positive 'educational value' in the sense that the longer children work on standardized tasks with no break the less attentive to the task they become and so breaks facilitate improved attention and focus on learning in the academic program (Pellegrini: 2005) This can be explained by the massed vs. distributed practice theory which explains that breaks inserted between periods of intense work help distribute effort and increase cognitive performances. (Bjorklund and Pellegrini: 2000). The playground at break time is the place where pupils interact on their own with minimal adult interference and they consider this time significant and enjoyable. Here, they play and meet friends in cooperative interaction involving governed games with their peers. Games are particularly important at the commencement of the school year when peers are not familiar with each other, but the knowledge of the rules of some common game forms the basis for interaction after which they become familiar which results to an interaction in the other domains. (Pellegrini and Blatchford: 2002) During recess periods, students learn to resolve conflicts, solve problems, negotiate, and work with others without adult intervention and also serves as a developmentally appropriate strategy for reducing

How Much Co2 Lab Essay Example for Free

How Much Co2 Lab Essay Experimental: An Alka-Seltzer tablet was accurately weighed and recorded using a weighing boat and analytical balance. A fragmented piece between 0. 2100g and 0. 2800g was also weighed and recorded. 500mL of water was placed in a 600mL beaker. 80mL of water was then mixed with 20mL of 6M HCl in a 150mL beaker to create 1. 2M HCl. A 1. 5g piece of Alka-Seltzer tablet was then added to the HCl solution. After complete evolution of CO2, gravity filtration was used to catch all of the starch produced from the reaction. The buret was filled with the filtrated solution and the glass tube end of a rubber tube was inserted about 2 inches into the mouth of the buret. While keeping a finger over the buret mouth, the entire buret was quickly inverted and the tubing and mouth completely submerged into the water in the 600mL beaker. The buret was then clamped into place while double checking the buret mouth was under the water level and the rubber tubing was not pinched. The stopcock was then opened extremely slowly until the water level in the buret dropped close to the 50. 00mL mark. This level was then recorded. 25mL of the prepared HCl solution was added to a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, along with a 0. 5-1. 0g piece of Alka-Seltzer tablet. After complete evolution of CO2, the neck of the flask and rubber stopper were completely dried. The tablet fragment earlier weighed (between 0. 21-0. 28g) was then added to the flask followed by immediate insertion of the stopper to ensure a tight seal. 5 minutes after the CO2 has been generated, the new water level of the buret was recorded, along with the distance in inches between the buret and beaker’s water levels. Lastly, the prevailing atmospheric pressure, temperature of the water, and approximate volume of the room was recorded. Results and Calculations Table 1 Experimental Values Experimental Values| Measurements| Current pressure of the room| 29. 3 in. Hg| Mass of entire tablet| 3. 2545 g| Mass of fragment| 0. 2524 g| Buret water level (start)| 45. 62 mL| Buret water level (end)| 7. 50 mL| Distance between buret and beaker water level| 3. 625 inches| Temperature of the water/room| 21. 8Â °C| Pressure of water at 21. 8Â °C| 19. 587 torr| Length, width, height of the room| 1463cm, 792cm, 366cm | Conversions: Temperature of the Room: 21. 8Â °C + 273. 15 = 294. 95K Volume of the room: (l? w? h) = (1463cm)(792cm)(366cm) = 424 x 108 cm3 = 424073L Pressure of room: 29. 3 in. Hg x 760 mmHg x 760 torr = 744. 3 torr 29. 92 in. Hg 760 mmHg 29. 3 in. Hg x 1 atm = 0. 97927 atm 29. 92 in. Hg Calculations: PÂ °atm = Patm – ( in. of H2O )( 1. 87 torr/in. of H2O ) = (744. 3 torr) – (3. 625 in. )(1. 87 torr/in. ) = 737. 521 torr PCO2 = PÂ °atm – PH2O = (737. 521 torr) – (19. 87 torr) = 717. 934 torr x 1 atm = 0. 94465 atm 760 torr VCO2 = 45. 62mL – 7. 50mL = 38. 12mL = 38. 12mL x (1L/1000mL) = 0. 03812 L NCO2 = PCO2VCO2/RT = ( 0. 94465atm )( 0. 03812L ) = 0. 0014873 mol CO2 ( 0. 08206 L? atm/mol? K )(294. 95 K) Moles of CO2 one tablet produces: (moles CO2) x (mass tablet/mass fragment) = (0. 0014873 mol CO2) x (3. 2545g / 0. 2524g) = 0. 019178 moles CO2 in tablet Moles of the room: Nroom = ProomV room/RT = (0. 9727atm)(424073L)/(0. 08206 L? atm/mol? K )(294. 95 K) = 17,042. 7 moles in room of tablets required to fill room: (moles of room) / (moles of CO2 per tablet) = (17,042. 7 moles) / (0. 019178 mol CO2) = 8. 887 x 105 tablets Mass of NaHCO3 needed to fill room with CO2: = 8. 887 x 105 tablets x 0. 019178 moles CO2 x 1 mol NaHCO3 x 84. 01g NaHCO3 1 tablet 1 mol CO2 1 mol NaHCO3 = 1. 432 x 106 g NaHCO3 Discussion In order to find the number of tablets needed to produce enough CO2 to fill the room, the ideal gas law was required first to solve for the number of moles of CO2 in one tablet and second the number of moles of the room. To use the ideal gas law, the atmospheric pressure was adjusted for due to the lower pressure in the buret when compared to the outer atmospheric pressure. This unequalization of pressures, although corrected, may still be slightly off, thus potentially causing later calculation error when using the ideal gas law to solve for the moles of CO2. Difficulties in the experiment arose when inverting the buret and completely submerging it into the beaker of water. This is a likely place for error because keeping a finger over the mouth of the buret and sealing the mouth tightly enough during the inverting process was very difficult. If too much of the solution inside the buret leaked out, one would not have enough volume to start with (before the CO2 evolution) and thus would have to remake the solution and repeat the process. Another potential source of error would be the measurement of the size of the room. With so many objects (lab tables, carts, ceiling structures) that also occupy the space, it was very difficult to determine an accurate volume of the room. Thus, the actual number of tablets required to fill the room might be a little bit less when the objects taking up space in the room are considered. Additionally, if the gravity filtration failed to filtrate all of the starch from the HCl solution, the leftover starch could potentially cause a problem in the reaction when the tablet fragment is added to the solution, thus providing more possible sources of error. Another minor source is the sensitive nature of the analytical balance, possibly leading to incorrect weight measurements of the tablet fragments. Another is general human error, such as reading the volume on the buret when determining the amount of CO2 evolved from the fragment. Conclusion In conclusion, the overall experiment proved to be successful; depending on the calculated size of the room, the number of Alka-Seltzer tablets required to produce enough CO2 gas to fill it was able to be determined. The mass of NaHCO3 needed to produce enough CO2 was also able to be calculated due to the fact that one mole of NaHCO3 is equal to one mole of CO2. Using the ideal gas law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure, stoichiometry, and conversions, a result was calculated, thus proving that future experiments dealing with the calculation of CO2 evolved from Alka-Seltzer by using an inverted buret can be done successfully.

How Sibling Relationship is affected by the Psychological and Emotional

Introduction Birth Order Birth order is addressed as the arrangement of births of children in a family. The four most common positions used in the Birth Order Theory of Alfred Adler are: only child, first born, middle child and last born. Adler associated those birth order positions with different characteristics for each. He also explained that with every child that will be added to the family there will be an effect for each family member in terms of communication, tasks and duties. (Craighead 2001) Origin of Birth Order Almost all of us are familiar of the Birth Order theory that Alfred Adler presented almost a century ago. Adler theorized that our personalities are hugely influenced by our chronological place in the family because parents attend to their children with different kinds of treatments according to their birth order. Adler identified four birth order positions as stated above and each of those birth order personalities is associated with personality traits. (Schneider 2004) Moreover, birth order does not require experts to understand human nature. It explains what factors affect our personalities even to average people. Awareness about birth order can be possibly shared although experts are still essential to understand it thoroughly. If many people will thoroughly grasp the idea of birth order, it easy to understand each and everyone’s actions, why are those actions done the way they are and how to behave when those actions took place. (Isaacson 2002) Birth Order’s Meaning and Implication In The New Birth Order Book, it was stated there that Alfred Adler alleged that when an individual was given birth, he easily copes up with the environment he belongs in and starts establishing goals. He may not knowingly... ... time, you can acquire the knowledge on why and how things are done and how these things can affect your upbringing. Birth order can enduringly affect your life. It can ruin your connection to other people during your adult life. (Khron 2000) According to a saying, â€Å"No man is an island.† We are united with others by being able to connect with them. We do not live merely by ourselves, we should be responsible to each and everyone in the society we are belong in. We must obey the rules of our society, for if not, society will be destroyed. (Stone 2004) Maybe indirectly, but birth order takes a big part of our interaction with other people. We may have distinct personalities but we can never get rid of the fact that we want to be better than others. At some point, we compare ourselves with them and it looks as if they are much better than what we are. (Munyua 2000)

Lacan, Foucault, Sedgwick, Binary Essay

The world consists of a collection of dual concepts. Things either are or they are not, especially at the level of conception. One is either alive or dead; there are no in-betweens with this notion. In the essay, â€Å"The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as revealed in Psychoanalytical Experience,† Jacques Lacan describes a certain binary that takes place, and interacts, within a child as soon as they learn to recognize their own image. Lacan’s recognition of this initial dualism that takes place in an infant, leads to the recognition of several other dualisms. Michel Foucault speaks of a binary when speaking of sex and sexuality in chapter one of â€Å"The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, an Introduction. † In the second Axiom from â€Å"Epistemology of the Closet,† Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick discusses the heterosexual and homosexual dichotomy. Lacan believes that after eighteen months, a child discovers its libidinal dynamism (1286). Libidinal means psychic and emotional energy associated with instinctual biological drives. Dynamism means active and interactive movement. Through action and interaction with its psychic and emotional energy, instinctual biological drives in a child’s mind. It is through this dual and cooperative interaction between the physical and metaphysical, in the mirror, that a child begins to form identification with itself and its reflection. Via this reflection, the child will see its body as â€Å"Gesalt,† a collection of parts of the whole (Lacan 1286). The child views the sum of its biological, physical, and psychological bodies as an entire unit; being made up of several different parts, and at the same time just a singular object. The child recognizes and views its reflection in relation to its surroundings, i. e. urniture, itself, its mother, yet this realization that unites the child’s parts to form a singular I. This mental permanence, meaning the child will permanently see itself as I, is what will alienate others due its large singular view of itself, and not a view as part of a whole. With the child’s actualization of its image and that it can be seen and interpreted, it shall then recognize a binary of physical reality and dream reality. The dream realm is a reality of sorts, in the sense that it is real because it is experienced. That dream realm is then filled with not nly the child’s own image, but the image of the physical world it inhabits while awake. This I image is thus residing in the spectrums of this binary where its realities exist both in the physical world and in the mental world. The mirror stage itself is an entire dualistic concept. On one hand, it marks the initial conception of self-actualization, while on the other, maps the libidinal normalization process. Foucault outlines the history of sex in terms of children, how they communicate it, who discusses it, and where it resides in the binary. Children have for many years had a â€Å"freedom of language† with their mentors in relation to sex (Foucault 1654). This is to say that there was less shame in the attitude towards sex. It was a very openly discussed topic outside the realm of perversion and deviance. It was not until the seventeenth century that the French bourgeoisie placed a censorship on all speech that was of sexual manner. Children, across all social classes, gradually became more silent in regards to their sexuality (Foucault 1654). This notion of silence is where duality comes into to play, or lack thereof. Foucault defines silence as â€Å"the things one declines to say, or is forbidden to name, the discretion that is required between different speakers,† (1654). Foucault views silence as a non-passive action, even if it may appear to be doing nothing. One can convey a message just as effectively, and arguably more, by remaining silent than actually speaking. Silence is something that functions alongside speech in such a way that it becomes difficult to differentiate the two in terms of the outcomes they produce. Foucault acknowledges this lack of binary by stating that there is â€Å"no division to be made between what one says and what one does not say† (1654). In terms of the government enforced censorship on sexuality and speech during the 1600’s, this silence surrounding sexuality spoke volumes more than explicit dialogue about it. During this time another binary became prevalent, the public and the private. While the people remained relatively silent in public, they were conversing greatly privately. In the 1700’s this silence â€Å"multiplied the forms of discourse† on the subject of sex (Foucault 1655). The topic of children sex exploded with many participants partaking in the discussion. There was a great market for this discourse on sex that included the realms of medicine and politics, often interweaving the two. The topic of sex was forced out of the private realm into the public. Foucault says that sex has become something society cannot speak enough about, that â€Å"[society] convinced [itself] that [they] have never said enough on the subject,† throwing society onto a perpetual search for answers (1657). The sexual realm does not reside in the binary of public and private, of being secret or outspoken, yet resides in both. It is because of this need for secrecy that sex has taken such a firm place outside of being a secret. Foucault says society teeters on the middle of the binary system of public and private, that society has â€Å"consigned sex to a shadow existence, but that they dedicated themselves to speaking of it ad infinitum, while exploiting it as the secret† (1658). The history of sex is a prime example of a concept being able to reside in the realms of the public and private binaries, and at the same time residing in neither. Sedgwick claims that sexuality lies in a realm separate than that of gender. She defines chromosomal sex as that of biology that follows the strict XX and XY chromosome pattern of distinction among Homo Sapiens (Sedgwick 2439). She defines gender as an elaborate and rigid social production that strictly serves the binary of only male and female (Sedgwick 2439). She then defines sexuality as an array of acts, expectations, narratives, pleasures, identity-formations, and knowledge, in both women and men that focus on genital sensations, but not adequately defined by them (Sedgwick 2440). She states that gender is only one dimension of sexual choice and that sexuality strictly deals with how the individual feels and has no relation to, or effect on, procreation. Whereas chromosomal sex is strictly based on procreative purposes since it lies in the realm of biology, where a sexed male and a sexed female are the only sexes that can reproduce with each other. This notion thus makes sexuality the polar opposite of chromosomal sex, rather than gender being its opposite, in the binaries. She states that both gender and sexuality are concepts to be chosen. The differences between them are that gender serves the binary of male and female, while sexuality, contingent on the individual, are not limited by such a simple binary. This binaries construction was only to serve the male identity. Sedgwick says that any system with gender at its focus will have an inherent heterosexist bias, meaning that the female gender is constructed as a supplement to the male identity (2442). That the binary by which gender is trapped only exists because it required being a binary, the female gender only exists because the male gender required a counterpart. The binary of heterosexual and homosexual fits a deconstructive template more so than the binary of male and female, thus rendering sexual orientation and gender different. All people at birth are publicly assigned to one of two genders and because of this are forever unalterable. Sexual orientation, on the other hand, is often times rearrangeable, ambiguous, and has a doubleness quality to it that allows for easy alterations (Sedgwick 2444). Sedgwick does not find the gender binary to be one of complexity, but of a rather simple and unchallengeable one. She states the essentialism of sexual orientation is less easy to maintain, incoherent, stressed and challenged (Sedgwick 2444). There is a contradictoriness to Sedgwick’s claim that sexual orientation is easy to alter and rearrangeable, yet at the same time less easy to maintain. It is, however, this seemingly contradictoriness that makes sexual orientation different from the gender binary. It is this complexity and fluidity that gives sexual orientation its ability to make leaps and bounds across its multinary systems. The most important aspect of the difference between gender and sexual orientation is the fact that one can choose their sexuality, but not their gender. Lacan, Foucault, and Sedgwick all deal with historical values. That is to say, they deal with issues and topics that occur at the early stages of young life, thus making these dealings at the conception level of thought. Lacan’s mirror stage describes a child’s actualization of self. Foucault deals with the history of sex and the history of children’s conception of sex. Sedgwick discusses the differences of sex, sexuality, and gender. The uniqueness of Sedgwick’s notion is that gender is assigned at birth and can never be altered. This ties into Lacan’s mirror stage where once a child realizes its image, and the placement of that image in the world it lives in, it can never un-see that image, and moreover, can never remove that image from its surroundings. Foucault greatly discusses children in his chapter, however he does not delve deeper as to what about children relate to their sex. Sedgwick supplies contextual substance to Foucault’s article that deals mainly with the history of sex and not the sex itself. Lacan’s concept of self-actualization of the I, can be coupled with Sedgwick’s gender assignment at birth, that the I is gendered, and will effect, and often dictate, the child’s asymptomatic journey to reach it. Lacan’s concept of the binary of physical and metaphysical realization of self-image, is the basis for a binary discussion, something either is or is not physically here. Foucault discusses the history of sex and how a binary of speaking about sex or remaining silent does not exist. Sedgwick deals with the gender binary. This theory of dualism, binaries, dichotomy, lays foundation for these authors, and philosophers, and their works.

Kingdom of God Essay

Describing what is meant by the Kingdom of God can be very complex, because so many people has set forth to describe this phrase to the best of their own knowledge, and generally each of these descriptions differs. Personally, besides the many verses in the Bible that are relative to the subject, it is best described by Donald B. Kraybill. In Kraybill’s novel â€Å"The Upside-down Kingdom† he writes; â€Å"The Kingdom of God is a collectivity—a network of persons who have yielded their hearts and relationships to the reign of God.† â€Å"He also notes that people must enter the kingdom because it is a state of affairs rather than a state of mind (p.19).† The Kingdom then, represents God’s power of ruling, his authority, and basically his government. â€Å"His disciples asked him what this parable meant. He said, the knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of God has been given to you, but to others I speak in parables† (Luke 8:9, 10). Unless an individual is a born again Christian he will not understand the secrets of the Kingdom of God. The Jewish sects Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and Zealots are noted as being developed during the time of the second temple through the tenth century. This is the period that it seems that the Jewish sects were most generative. The Jewish people noted only three philosophical sects which are Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes, of the three Essenes is noted as being the one with the most severe discipline. According to Josephus, [War of the Jews] 1 chapter 8.2 Pharisees, Essenes, Sadducees, Zealots were divided into three groups which were criminal, nationalist and Philosophical (religious). The Sadducees and the Pharisees really seem to be as religious as they were political. History tells us that in ancient societies political and religious laws were pretty much the same. Moreover, the Sadducees and the Pharisees did seem to have a bit more interest in that of political power than what was religiously correct. This we know was absolutely not pleasing to our God. â€Å"Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever† (Hebrew 13:8). Regardless to the ways and or the thoughts of the Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes and the Zealots one thing that remains the same and will never change is the fact that our God does not change his mind or act indifferent towards his children regardless of the mishaps that we may allow ourselves to experience. â€Å"Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God† (Romans 13, 1). This verse pretty much says it all when referring to the political convictions discussed by Josephus, God is in control of all situations regardless to whether it is written in the Old or New Testament. According to Josephus, the Zealots were described as political and grouped as nationalists. However, it seemed that their religious beliefs were indivisible from their political convictions. Moreover, this is not an indication that all of the sects of the second temple were more political than religious, the truth of the matter is that there was not much partition between the two. The Essenes, Sadducees and the Pharisees stand out to more people than the rest of the sects because it is said that they were supposedly better known to people than the rest of the sects, and some people seem to think that the Pharisees were forefathers of the Rabbis. The Sadducees; were differ ent in their own way, they were not the Jewish people that simply did not believe in resurrection, nor did they believe that heaven exists. Strangely, the Sadducees were of the group that only accepted the Torah, as authoritative, this strange group of individuals were known to not be very popular with the rest of the Jewish population. â€Å"For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, nor angel, nor spirit, but the Pharisees acknowledge them all† (Acts 23:8). During or around the time of 2nd century B.C there existed a monastic Jewish sect that was referred to as the Essenes. They were known to reside somewhere not far from the Dead Sea. They were pretty much isolated from the entire Jewish community. Notably, the Essenes seemed to have had closer relationships towards each other than any other sects, and were said to be Jewish by birth. The Essenes neglected matrimony but choose out of other families children to be of their family and transformed them according to their personal likings, and had a huge amount of respect and obedience for their elders. If at any time they complained against their elders or authorities they would be expelled from their community, more strangely than that if an elder was even touched by a younger person they were casted as being dirty. There is an overwhelming amount of information that openly describes how the Messianic expectation of the various sects, differs from the Messianic role that Jesus presented. Examples would be as follows; The Essenes was known as a Jewish religious sect and was in fact not mentioned in the Bible, but was indeed mentioned on the Dead Sea Scrolls. This particular group adapted to their life according to the law of the Jews, and they opposed Temple priesthood. The Pharisees were different because they were more of a prominent sect of Jewish people in the time of Christ. They were in disagreement with Jesus and his teachings. â€Å"But the Pharisees went out and plotted how they might kill Jesus† (Mathew 12:14). The Pharisees had absolutely no love for Jesus and felt that the world would be a better place without him obviously. The Sadducees were additionally, another renowned Jewish religious sect. Their beliefs differed in another way because they only accepted more hideous things like the laws and rejections of the oral traditions; which included immortality of the soul; denial of body resurrection and existence of the spirit world. In addition, they supported families of Jewish patriots of the first and second centuries B.C. whom were totally active in the liberation of Judea from the Syrian rule. Lastly, we will discuss the difference in the Zealots concerning the Messianic expectations. The Zealots will take a total twist here from the above mentioned sects. The reason being is because according to the Bible Simon was a Zealot â€Å"Matthew, Thomas, James, son of Alphaeus, Simon who was called the Zealot† (Luke 6:15). The Zealots preferred armed mutiny against Rome, in doing so they thought that God would deliver Israel with the sword. Faithfully, acknowledging the Spirit of Jesus, he {Jesus} is lead into the wilderness for the sole intention of being tempted by the devil. â€Å"He was with the wild animals, and angels attended him† (Mark 1:13). This place of wilderness was not fit for human life, water was accessible but it was an unpopulated region. â€Å"When tempted, no one should say, God is tempting me, for God cannot be tempted by the devil, nor does he tempt anyone† (James 1:13), but instead, Jesus is lead, into a situation by the devil that could possibly tempt him. Jesus teaches us to pray that we are not lead into temptations, but yet he is lead into temptations while on earth so this is what the devil set out to do, which was take Jesus through the test of temptations. References Kraybill, Donald B. The Upside Down Kingdom Revised Ed. Scottsdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press, 1990. 275pg. May 20, 2006 Second Temple Sects The Complete Works Of Flavious Josephus The Pharisees and other sects – edited with a preface by Jacob Neusne, Retrieved from http://Judaism.about.com/gi/dynamicof Josephus/.HTM on January 7, 2013

Lakota Woman essays

Lakota Woman essays Lakota Woman. Mary Crow Dog. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. 263 pp. Lakota Woman, written by Mary Crow Dog, describes Sioux traditions, painful Indian history and the Indians constant battle to win equality in America. Mary Crow Dog uses her personal experiences to give an Indian perspective on these issues. By using first hand experiences, Mary helps to give the book credibility. These stories are real, true experiences witnessed (through story and first hand account) by the author which helps to give an intimate voice to the book. Mary Crow Dogs voice is strong in the book; it is easy to forget you are only reading the book and not actually sitting beside Mary listening first hand to her story. There are many times when you feel present at the protests or in the church at Wounded Knee. Marys experiences show struggle, pain and determination in hopes of getting the reader to see both sides of the Indian movement. Lakota Womans main goal, in my opinion, is to give the reader an understanding of traditional Indian ways and to provide an understand ing of the Indian movement through an Indians point of view. If these goals are in fact reached, it will give the reader a clearer understanding of the Indian traditions and hopefully a more sympathetic heart towards their cause. Mary Crow Dog begins the first half of her story in anger and hate towards her oppressors. Her anger is explained through her familys history and experiences as a child in a European churchs boarding school. In this section of the book, the battle of Wounded Knee is first explained; the horrendous massacre of helpless Indian people by the white man. Wounded Knee is Marys history and by hearing this story you are able to understand how her resentment towards these new settlers began. However, the story of racism towards Marys people by the white man does not end at Wounded Knee, it only begins. Mary&apos...

Idioms and Expressions With Make

Idioms and Expressions With Make The following idioms and expressions use make. Each idiom or expression has a definition and example sentences to help you understand these common idiomatic expressions with make. Once you have studied these expressions, test your knowledge with quiz testing idioms and expressions with make. There are many other words that often find their way into common idioms and expressions including have, run, work, and like. Make a Beeline for Someone or Something To go directly to someone or something as soon as you arrive. I got to the party and made a beeline for Susan.He made a beeline for the booth as soon as he arrived. Make a Clean Sweep To get rid of everything or everyone to start anew. Im afraid well have to make a clean sweep and start over.The police made a clean sweep of the area by arresting everyone.   Make a Comeback To become successful again after having been away from the scene or society for a long time The actress made a comeback in her latest movie.Youll have to make a comeback and take over the company. Make a Face Contort your face, make a strange expression often used with at someone. She tasted the soup and made a face. It must have been awful.Dont make a face at me! I know youre not happy. Make a Fool out of Someone To trick someone and make them look bad. She made a fool out of him and then left him for another man.I dont think youll ever make a fool out of me. Make a Fuss To pay a lot of attention to someone or something. She made a fuss the last time we visited, so lets take a gift.Im afraid I make a bit of a fuss over my plants in the garden. Make a Go of It To become successful, have success in business. It took us a few years to make a go of it, but everythings fine now.Bob made a go of it as an opera singer in Europe.   Make a Killing To earn a lot of money. Peter has been making a killing as a hedge fund manager.They made a killing in real estate and retired. Make a Living To earn money in a profession or trade. He makes a living selling insurance to the elderly.Can you make a good living by teaching? Make a Name for Oneself To become famous or well known. Jennifer made a name for herself as an actress on Broadway.One day youll get out into the world and make a name for yourself. Make a Point To make something understood to others. Im trying to make a point about your lack of effort.The presentation made the point that you need to start saving early in life. Make a Run for It To try to escape from a bad situation, or just from the rain or something equally unpleasant. Lets make a run for those trees over there. They should keep us dry.The bank robbers made a run for it, but the police caught them within two hours. Make a Scene To become very upset and vocal so that others notice you. The little girl made a scene every time her mother didnt immediately buy her what she wanted.Dont make a scene about this. Lets go home and talk about it. Make a Stink To complain loudly about something. She made a stink to human resources after she didnt get the promotion.Ill go down to the store and make a stink about this! Make an Example of Someone To do something negative to someone in order that others understand that they should not do the same. The boss decided to fire him to make an example of him to the other employees.Im afraid he made an example of her and she started to cry in front of everybody. Make an Exception To not do something that is usually the rule. Ill make an exception this one time. Next time, dont forget your homework.Can you make an exception and let me take the test next week? Make Arrangements   To do everything needed in order to be sure that something is done properly. Ill make arrangements for this to be shipped to Japan.We made arrangements for the meeting next week. Make Ends Meet To earn enough money to pay the bills. He works as an English teacher to make ends meet.You might not get rich, but youll certainly make ends meet. Make Fun Of   To joke at the expense of someone. He made fun of her makeup and she began to cry.Dont make fun of Peter! Hes a great guy! Make Good on Something To do something you have promised or feel you owe someone. Let me make good on it by taking you out to dinner.Jason made good on the bet after two weeks.   Make Light of Something To joke about something serious. I think you need to make light of the whole situation. What good does it do to worry so much?They made light of the mistake and continued with the job. Make Mischief To do something naughty, to get in trouble. The boys made mischief over the holidays and were grounded for three days.I know youre making mischief. I can see the twinkle in your eye. Make Sense   To try to understand something, to be understandable. Does that make any sense to you?Im trying to make sense of this situation. Make Short Work of Something To do something quickly. Lets make short work of the garden and have a beer.She made short work of the report and moved on to the presentation. Make Someone Tick To be responsible for how someone acts in life. His love of music makes him tick.What makes you tick? What really gets you excited? Make Something Up To invent something that isnt true, to tell a false story. He made up an excuse to get out of work that day.Have you ever made something up? Make the Grade To be good enough. Im afraid your work here doesnt make the grade.Do you think this painting will make the grade at the competition? Make Waves To cause others trouble, often by complaining a lot. Can also mean to become noticed, usually by some type of disruption, which can be good or bad. Many people say its important to not make waves at work. Thats how we get into a mess!Her father made waves until the school decided to give her another chance.

Quality Management at EMC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality Management at EMC - Research Paper Example Two aspects of process capability relates to: measuring the variability of the output of a process; and comparing that variability with a proposed specification or product tolerance level (Wikipedia 2011). The output of any process is expected to meet the requirements of customers’ specifications or product tolerances. Before process capability can be determined a survey needs to be carried out to determine customer specifications. The process should then be allowed to run several times to determine whether the process is stable. Statistical process control is used to test if a process is stable or unstable. If processes drift or shift significantly process capability indices are not applicable as they require statistical control. If the process is out of statistical control then capability does not mean anything as it only points to a general problem instead of being specific. There seems to be some knowledge of what the problem is at EMC and so process capability studies sho uld be possible. The plating and finishing process needs to be given close attention since the complaints relate to plastic insert falling out and sharp edges on the brackets. Last year there were 56 complaints; however, within four months of the current year there are 49 complaints. The fact is that no information is given in terms of how many products were manufactured last year or if the products that were found to be defective this year relates to last years production. Since there is some uncertainty there a number of process runs will be required in order to find out where the problem lies as there may be more problems than those that have been identified so far. Statistical control can be carried out to determine the measure of variability of each process. Statistical process control or control chart is a graph which is used to study how a process changes overtime (ASQ n.d.). If the process is stable then the mean and standard deviation can be reliably estimated. Process capa bility studies and statistical process control can be implemented by EMC but this has to start with management. They have to believe that a problem exists. Additionally, they have to have a specification that they require and this should be based on the customer requirements. The survey will assist management to determine which processes needs to be improved and which does not add value and therefore needs be eliminated. Quality improvements need to be a team effort and all employees at EMC need to be involved. The information from process capability studies and statistical control will indicate what level the firm is at. This can be translated into Sigma to determine how far the company is from achieving Six Sigma and ultimately zero defects. If EMC does not have persons who are qualified to coordinate the process then a consultant needs to be employed. A systematic approach has to be taken to solving the problem and as Deming suggests EMC needs to practice PDCA - Plan what is need ed; Do it; Check that it works; Act to correct any problems or improve performance (Business Balls n.d). Utilizing a Six Sigma Program A number of companies including Motorola and General Electric have utilized the Six Sigma program in their program to help improve their bottom line. This led to Motorola achieving the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in

Globalization Impacts On The Poor And Inequality Essay

Globalization Impacts On The Poor And Inequality - Essay Example Financial integration should be accompanied with the pursuit of macroeconomic stabilization policies. Both traditional and modern trade theories suggest that gains from the free trade will not be distributed equally within economies. The World Bank studies several ways in which globalization affects inequality within and across countries. A very important factor in the distribution of income is the initial income of the country. The empirical literature reveals that free trade contributes only to 20% of the world inequality, being less important than such factors as technological innovations or demographic changes. The economists use the term globalization to refer to international integration in the capital, commodity, and labor markets. The crucial economic features of the two most recent periods of globalization (1950-73 and 1974-2007) involve increased integration in trade, international capital flows and movement of labor. However, as we can see in table 1 (WTO,2008), there are differences in the importance of these factors in each period. During the entire 1950-2007 period, the trade expanded by 6.2 percent. In the first decades after World War II (WWII), due to the reconstruction of the country economies, the most dynamic traders were the Western European countries and Japan.From 1974 to 2000, newly industrialized Asian economies (NIEs) were the main beneficiaries of globalization, with their merchandise exports comprising raising from 2.4 percent to 9.7 percent within only two decades.  

Global Media and the Nestle Boycott Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global Media and the Nestle Boycott - Essay Example One of the main concerns for the widespread use of infant formula among children is the high number of deaths especially in the least developed countries (LDC) where mothers substitute breastfeeding with infant formula. Nestle has been accused of its aggressive marketing strategies that convinces mothers in poor countries to abandon breastfeeding their children and resort to infant formula. This has attracted the longest boycott in history known as Nestle Boycott where organizations concerned with the Nestle’s marketing practices of its controversial infant product in third world countries despite the linkage of the product to the high rates of deaths among babies in those countries. The organizations that participate in Nestle Boycott have a number of arguments that they believe are worthy stopping Nestle to engage in the marketing of infant formula in LDC. In view of the immense social, cultural, and economic differences between first and third world countries, it is acutely unethical for core nation corporations such as Nestle to implement their marketing techniques in peripheral nations without realizing the severe consequences. The Genesis of the Boycott Henri Nestle, the founder of Nestle, S.A. is credited with inventing the first artificial food products for babies in the world in 1866. After New Internationalist  magazine published a story about the unethical marketing strategies that Nestle employed to sell its product to mothers in 1973 and in a booklet called  The Baby Killer,  in 1974, the company continues to face a boycott of its product infant formula. Nestle became the topic of consumer boycotts in the 1970s owing to its marketing practices. Powdered milk formula for infants was distributed free in hospitals to mothers who had given birth to newborn babies. What attracted the attention of consumers was the fact that this practice had not been witnessed in core countries like United States of America and England but only in less deve loped countries where the mothers were concerned about breastfeeding their babies. One of the most well known controversies involving Nestle involves the advertising and marketing of infant formula products to mothers in LDC around the world. The issue came up and attracted world attention in 1977 because of the Nestle boycott. Nestle continues to face criticism that the company violates the 1981 World Health Organization code that instituted regulations for marketing and advertising of breast milk substitutes (Solomon, p. 2).   The controversial issue led to the formation of groups such as the  International Baby Food Action Network  (IBFAN) and Save the Children  who continues to provide evidences that the promotion of infant formula over breastfeeding lead health problems and deaths among infants in less economically developed countries. Nevertheless, Nestle has continuous counteracted these claims by initiating company policies that are geared towards encouraging mothers to breastfeed their children and only resort to infant formula in cases where it is completely impossible to breast feed. Because of aggressive marketing strategies by Nestle, free samples were distributed at maternity units, and by Nestle sales representatives who addressed as quasi-medical personnel. The critiques of this marketing strategy pointed out that poor mother were being persuaded to resort to infant

Fair Value Reporting Advantages and Disadvantages

Fair Value Reporting Advantages and Disadvantages Discuss the pros and cons of fair value reporting for investors? Why has this trend emerged, and how does asset value volatility seen during and since the Global Financial Crisis effect your views on this? There have been many debates in previous decades amongst the investors, users of the financial statements, on whether fair value accounting is worth being used. According to IFRS 13, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (ACCA, 2016). Usage of fair value has advantages, however, it has disadvantages as well. This essay will discuss how fair value is more advantageous than disadvantageous and how it is carried out. It will also examine how fair value led Lehman Brothers, an American investment bank, into bankruptcy during the global financial crisis and why the trend of fair value has emerged in the recent decades. As historical cost loses relevance with the passing of time, it is more appropriate to use fair value reporting as it considers current market prices and conditions. This provides investors with the most relevant estimates of the value of business (Gjorgieva-Trajkovska et al., 2016), and timely information which is important for making investing decisions (McEnally, 2007). Penman (2007) states that fair value accounting reports assets and liabilities through an economists view and therefore reports economic income the change in fair value of net assets on the balance sheet. This is of interest to investors as they can make predictions of future earnings based on current information (Marra, 2016). On the other hand, Sundgren (2013) claims that there will also be fluctuations in fair values, leading to uncertainty of future inflows. Although this poses a disadvantage towards certain stakeholders, it is helpful to investors as high fluctuations could indicate high risk, which may rewar d them with high returns. Another advantage of fair value reporting is the reliability and transparency of the method. More transparency means that the investors are able to get an insight into the real value of the company. This allows investors to make more informed decisions that will benefit the business (Bigelow, n.d.). Fair value reporting is reliable as it can be checked in hindsight from available information about current and past market prices (Betakova et al., 2014). This is beneficial for the investors as it means that they can be confident that their decisions are correct and that the finances of the business will not suddenly change. Bubble prices can be an issue for investors as it may mislead them into making poor investing decisions. There is plenty of empirical evidence to show that bubble prices exist (Ryan, 2008). These price bubbles, according to Penman (2007), are introduced into financial statements through the usage of fair value accounting. He goes on to say that this causes bubble gains to reflect on the income statement, and these may, falsely, show the company as being healthy which could lull investors into a false sense of security. These bubbles also result in the investor receiving ineffective financial statements which will impair their decision making. An example of this would be where investors pay prices that far exceed their own valuation (Scheinkman and Xiong, 2003). This would make it tough for investors to earn a reasonable return on their investments. However, the research fails to consider the difficulties locating price bubbles or how investors can prevent themselves from being misled . It also fails to consider that bubble prices show the current trading price, albeit inflated, and therefore show the true value of the investment according to current prices. When there is illiquidity in a market, fair value is called mark to model accounting. Ball (2006) explains that when this occurs, market prices are not accurate as firms try to find an approximate value for the assets. He continues by stating that this can let managers easily manipulate values according to their own preferences affecting the reliability of financial statements. Betakova et al. (2014), argues that measurement procedures of fair value create loopholes and this means that prices can be written as vastly different from what they really are, which again allows manipulation. The fair value of assets and liabilities is derived from the 3 level hierarchy of inputs. According to IFRS 13, the highest priority is given to level 1 inputs the quoted price of assets and liabilities that are traded in the active market. Laux et al. (2010) state that assets or liabilities should be marked to market, which means that the quoted price has to be used to determine its fair value as it is the best approximation of how much an asset would be sold for (Magnan, 2009). IFRS also emphasises that the price to be used has to be those of an orderly transaction to ensure that it is not a forced transaction in order to maintain its representability. An example of level 1 valuation would be listed stocks or bonds. In cases where an asset does not have an active market, level 2 fair value measurement should be used. This is when the valuation inputs are directly or indirectly observable but do not fall under Level 1 (Magnan, 2009). Level 2 inputs, the net replacement cost, includ e quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active or non-active markets, and other relevant market data like the yield curves (Sundgren, 2013). For example, Petrobras issued a bond which is not traded. However, if there is an active market for a Valero Energy bond that is similar, the price of the Valero Energy bond can be used as level 2 input to value the Petrobras bond. Finally, the least priority is given to level 3 inputs, which are unobservable inputs. It is the least accurate as it is based on model assumptions. An example of level 3 measurement is when there is no observable input to value the Petrobras bond, then the value of the bond can be estimated by discounting its future cash flows. As a result, the reliability is reduced due to the subjectivity of the discount rate. Fair value is argued to be more appropriate, compared to historical cost, when level 1 valuation is used as it only allows minimal manipulation. However, during 2008, many companies overvalued t heir assets by using the level 3 measurement, contributing to the global financial crisis. Furthermore, there is an advantage in valuing certain assets using historical cost over fair value, like property, plant and equipment. This is because historical cost results in a more consistent calculation of depreciation. Moreover, under fair value, assets would need to be revalued frequently due to changing market conditions and this would impose additional costs to the organisation (Christensen and Nikolaev, 2013). Fair value was a dominant force in the financial crisis and exacerbated its severity (Cai-xia and Chi, 2010). Huizinga and Laeven (2009) note that fair value is procyclical and therefore intensifies the phases in the economic cycle. They expressed that banks were materially impacted due to the contrast between market and book values. Lehman Brothers was an American investment bank, founded in 1850, and was the fourth-largest investment bank in the United States. Its bankruptcy in 2008 was a prominent event in magnifying the repercussion of the financial crisis (Acharya and Richardson, 2009). One of the pivotal reasons for this collapse was due to the high leveraging (Lehner, 2016). Lehman disguised this from stakeholders by utilising fair value accounting and creative accountancy. The incentive behind such manipulations would be the benefit pressurised managers derive by camouflaging vulnerabilities in the organisation. This is proved by the movement of the leveraging ratio from 23.7 :1 in 2003 to 30.7:1 in 2007 (SEC Info, 2007) which signifies a high level of risk to investors. In addition, Azadinamin (2012) mentions that accounting standards, due to their defects, enable management to misrepresent financial information for momentary monetary rewards. He states further that Lehman window dressed the financial statements, using fair value, to present healthy looking balance sheets which assisted in concealing a major complication negative cash flows. Magnan (2009) states that As of November 30, 2007, 75.1% of assets measured at fair value were measured according to level 2 or level 3 inputs. This indicates that Lehman generally did not use the more reliable level 1 values. In addition, the proportion of assets valued using level 2 or 3 increased to 81.7% the following year. This shows the speed at which reliability in the accounting method was reduced. It is backed up by the empirical evidence provided by Magnan which shows that the movement from level 1 to lev els 2 and 3 was done intentionally so that they were able to report assets too highly and hide losses. He goes on to explain that fair value provides beneficial information to investors when assets trade in deep and efficient markets but are less useful when the markets are less liquid. One of the key reasons for the fall was the lack of liquidity caused by banks securing themselves, due to the financial crisis, by asking Lehman to pay off their debts. In addition, even though Lehman had a huge asset base, they lacked assets which could quickly be sold for cash (Brunnermeier, 2009). Apart from the ongoing financial crisis, another aspect that increased the speed of the collapse was the unrealised gains and losses brought about by the usage of fair value accounting (Magnan, 2009). For example, Hughes (2008) mentions that Lehman Brothers showed a $400m gain from fair-valuing its own liabilities. As no other firm wished to buy Lehman, in its state at the time, they declared bankruptcy on the 15th of September 2008 and this was quoted as the largest bankruptcy in the history of the United States (Mamudi, 2008). Therefore, fair value accounting without adequate additional disclosure is neither fair nor a good reflection of the value that is at risk (Magnan, 2009). To summarise, whilst relevance and reliability are the primary qualities of the usefulness of a financial report, there is a constant debate on the trade-off between these qualities when fair value measurement is adopted. Fair value is known to be relevant as it uses the current market price, however, it sacrifices its reliability as level 2 and level 3 inputs are used. The value of relevance and reliability is equally important because relevant information that has no reliability would mean nothing to the investors (Sing and Meng, 2005). In contrast, Hitz (2007) notes that fair value would be reliable if there was an actively traded market but the problem arises when there is not. He also remarks that usage of historical cost is falling whereas fair value accounting is on the rise. The reason for this is because fair value provides more timely and comparable information than amounts that would be reported under other alternative accounting approaches (Laux and Leuz, 2009). Furthermo re, they add to this by saying that fair value accounting recognises losses earlier than other methods of accounting and this makes it much more difficult to hide problems in the corporation which, if left to grow, would make crises more severe. However, we have seen that even through the use of fair value accounting, as in the case of Lehman Brothers, fair value accounting was a significant player behind the crisis of 2008. Wallison (2008) argues that fair value causes instability among financial institutions, although the title of the journal suggests that he would be taking a biased stance towards the topic. Moreover, the usage of fair value accounting causes volatility due to constantly changing prices. This concerned banks during the financial crisis due to the enormous write-downs caused by falling asset prices. However, Enria et al. (2004) argue that volatility provides information to investors regarding the risks of their investment. We believe that solely utilising fair val ue has pitfalls and therefore companies should adopt an integration between historical cost and fair value to eliminate the weaknesses of each. Nonetheless, we conclude that investors still prefer fair value accounting despite the disadvantages and the trade-off because it represents the true economic condition of assets and liabilities. References: ACCA, 2016. A framework for determining fair value? [Online]. Available from: http://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/student/exam-support-resources/professional-exams-study-resources/p2/technical-articles/ifrs13.html [Accessed 08/03/17] Acharya, V.V. and Richardson, M., 2009. Causes of the financial crisis. Critical Review, 21(2-3), pp.195-210. Azadinamin, A., 2012. The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers: Causes of Failure recommendations going forward. Swiss Management Center. Ball, R., 2006. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors. Accounting and business research, 36(sup1), pp.5-27. Betakova, J., Hrazdilova-Bockova, K. and Skoda, M., 2014. Fair value usefulness in financial statements. DAAAM International Scientific Book, pp.433-448. Bigelow, L. The Advantages Of Fair Value Vs. The Equity Method. The Finance Base. Available from: http://thefinancebase.com/advantages-fair-value-vs-equity-method-3255.html [Accesses 02/03/2017] Brunnermeier, M.K., 2009. Deciphering the liquidity and credit crunch 2007-2008. The Journal of economic perspectives, 23(1), pp.77-100. Cai-xia, H.E. and Chi, Z.H.A.N.G., 2010. Fair value accounting under financial crisis. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 6(6), p.59. Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?. Review of Accounting Studies, 18(3), pp.734-775. Enria, A., Cappiello, L., Dierick, F., Grittini, S., Haralambous, A., Maddaloni, A., Molitor, P.A., Pires, F. and Poloni, P., 2004. Fair value accounting and financial stability. Hitz, J.M., 2007. The decision usefulness of fair value accounting-a theoretical perspective. European Accounting Review, 16(2), pp.323-362. Hughes, J., 2008. Fair value can flatter to deceive on your own debt. Financial Times, 24(07), p.2008. Huizinga, H. and Laeven, L., 2009. Accounting discretion of banks during a financial crisis. Laux, C. and Leuz, C., 2010. Did fair-value accounting contribute to the financial crisis?. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(1), pp.93-118. Lehner, O.M. ed., 2016. Routledge Handbook of Social and Sustainable Finance. Routledge. Magnan, M.L., 2009. Fair value accounting and the financial crisis: messenger or contributor?. Accounting Perspectives, 8(3), pp.189-213.. Mamudi, S. 2008. Lehman folds with record $613 billion debt [Online]. New York: Market Watch. Available from: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/lehman-folds-with-record-613-billion-debt [Accessed 08/03/2017]. Marra, A., 2016. The Pros and Cons of Fair Value Accounting in a Globalized Economy: A Never Ending Debate. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 31(4), pp.582-591. McEnally, R., 2007. Fair Value Financial Reporting. CFA Magazine, 18(1), pp.25-26. Penman, S.H., 2007. Financial reporting quality: is fair value a plus or a minus?. Accounting and business research, 37(sup1), pp.33-44. Ryan, S.G., 2008. Fair value accounting: Understanding the issues raised by the credit crunch. Council of Institutional Investors, (July, 2008), pp.1-24. Scheinkman, J.A. and Xiong, W., 2003. Overconfidence and speculative bubbles. Journal of political Economy, 111(6), pp.1183-1220. Sing, T.Y. and Meng, S.C., 2005. Fair value accounting-relevance, reliability and progress in Malaysia. University College Sedeya International. Sundgren, S., 2013. Is fair value accounting really fair? A discussion of pros and cons with fair value measurement. The Finnish Journal of Business Economics, 62(3-4), pp.242-250. Trajkovska, O.G., Temjanovski, R. and Koleva, B., 2016. FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING-PROS AND CONS. Journal of Economics, 1(2). Wallison, P.J., 2008. Fair value accounting: A critique. Financial Services Outlook. LEARNING LOG SUMMARY (maximum 1 page using Aerial 12-point with at least 1cm margins) Suggested content: What did you learn from the assignment both technically and in terms of working together as a group? We learnt about what caused the global financial crisis to occur and the impact it had on various financial institutions We gained a deeper understanding on the faults in fair value accounting which also shows why historical cost was so prevalent We learnt how to allocate work between the members of the group as well as set realistic deadlines What strategy as a group did you follow in tackling the assignment task? Making sure everyone was involved in writing each paragraph so that we received various different viewpoints Having frequent meetings and discussions in order to compare our research and decide on which points we should include within our paragraphs What problems did you face and how did you overcome them? Understanding what was required of the question. We overcame this ask question to the lecturer and finding out, through research, about other topics that could be included in each paragraph What went well? Coordination was good since we kept in touch with each other frequently Everyone kept to their deadlines and provided what was required of them when needed What, in retrospect, would you have done differently, why and how? In the beginning we took time to assign research topics and research took a while as we were all new to it. However, later on we were able to increase the pace as we became more proficient. If, however, we had been able to start off at this pace, the work would have been more evenly distributed over the weeks rather than being skewed towards the deadline Where did you locate most of your sources? Google University of Bath library Google Scholar LOG OF GROUP MEETINGS (complete a maximum of 1 page for each meeting) Meeting 1 Date of Meeting 23 Feb 2017 (Thursday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Decide on days of meeting every week (Tentatively Tuesday 1-2pm Friday 12.30-2pm) Talked about the structure of the essay Agreed items Structure of Essay Introduction Pros and Cons of FV 3rd of March How its carried out 10th March Example of FV during Financial Crisis 10th March Conclusion Tasks to be completed by next meeting Find points for pros and cons of fair value Date of next meeting 28 Feb 2017 (Tuesday) Meeting 2 Date of Meeting 28 Feb 2017 (Tuesday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda, items agreed on and tasks completed Allocation of points for the first paragraph pros and cons of fair value accounting to investors Tasks to be completed by next meeting Full paragraph of pros and cons of fair value Date of next meeting 3 March 2017 (Friday) Meeting 3 Date of Meeting 3 March 2017 (Friday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Compiled the first paragraph Talk about the next 2 points Global financial crisis How fair value is carried out Allocate points to each person Tasks to be completed by next meeting Find points for the financial crisis and how fair value is carried out Date of next meeting 7 March 2017 (Tuesday) Meeting 4 Date of Meeting 7 March 2017 (Tuesday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Choose which points to write about and discuss how to evaluate it. Tasks to be completed by next meeting Finish the paragraphs how FV is carried out and the example during financial crisis Date of next meeting 10 March 2017 (Friday) Meeting 5 Date of Meeting 9 March 2017 (Thursday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Completed all body paragraphs Tasks to be completed by next meeting Introduction and Conclusion Date of next meeting 14 March 2017 (Tuesday) Meeting 6 Date of Meeting 15 March 2017 (Wednesday) Attendees Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Ben Maitland (However did send his share of the work by e-mail) Agenda and tasks completed Completed introduction and draft for conclusion Tasks to be completed by next meeting Complete full paragraph for conclusion and make some changes for body paragraphs Date of next meeting 16 March 2017 (Thursday) Meeting 7 Date of Meeting 16 March 2017 (Thursday) Attendees Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Ben Maitland (However did send his share of the work by e-mail) Agenda and tasks completed Worked on conclusion Date of next meeting 18 March 2017 (Saturday) Meeting 8 Date of Meeting 18 March 2017 (Saturday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Made some changes to body paragraphs Finalised the whole essay